The mining newspaper for Alaska and Canada's North
The mining newspaper for Alaska and Canada's North
Critical Minerals Alliances 2024 - September 16, 2024
Aluminum does not occur naturally in a pure form due to its reactivity. Instead, it is extracted from bauxite ore, refined into alumina, and then smelted through electrolysis.
Aluminum smelting is a complex process that requires large-scale industrial operations like this smelter in Kazakhstan, where alumina is refined and electrolyzed in high-temperature cells to extract aluminum, a process demanding precision and significant energy input.
NioCorp plans to offer a U.S. supply of aluminum-scandium master alloy for the automotive sector.
Imagine a metal that's as light as it is strong, capable of taking cars further on a single charge and helping planes soar higher with less fuel. Enter aluminum – the unsung hero of the green revolution.
This year, aluminum isn't just playing a supporting role in the shift to sustainability; it's stealing the spotlight, driving innovations that are making our world lighter, faster, and a whole lot greener.
From electric vehicles pushing the limits of range and efficiency, to the high-capacity batteries driving them farther, and the aerospace industry's relentless pursuit of lighter, more fuel-efficient aircraft, aluminum is at the core of these technological leaps. It is proving to be a game-changer, powering innovations that are shaping a sustainable future.
This versatile metal has evolved far beyond recycled soda cans, now sitting at the heart of innovations driving advancements in energy storage, transportation, and beyond. Aluminum is enabling technologies crucial for a sustainable future.
Its unique combination of strength, lightness, and recyclability makes aluminum indispensable in the race to cut carbon emissions and build a sustainable future. However, achieving a truly green aluminum industry comes with its own set of challenges.
Traditional aluminum production is energy-intensive, with smelting processes historically responsible for significant greenhouse gas emissions – a challenge central to the green paradox. Balancing the demand for this versatile metal with the need to reduce its environmental footprint is a complex dilemma that the industry is only beginning to unravel.
However, recent technological advancements are beginning to shift this narrative. Innovations like carbon-free smelting, advanced batteries, cutting-edge alloys, and more are redefining aluminum's role across various industries.
Aluminum's influence spans multiple industries, particularly in automotive, where its weight-reducing properties enhance both electric and internal combustion vehicles.
By lightening the load, aluminum directly contributes to increased range for EVs and improved fuel efficiency for traditional vehicles. This is especially critical as automakers strive to meet stringent emissions targets while also catering to the growing demand for more efficient and longer-range vehicles.
Similarly in the aerospace industry, where every pound spared can result in substantial fuel savings, aluminum is an essential material.
Modern aircraft are increasingly incorporating aluminum alloys that offer a superior strength-to-weight ratio, enhancing both performance and fuel efficiency. The development of aluminum-scandium alloys, for example, is pushing the boundaries of what's possible, offering stronger, lighter components that are critical for next-generation aircraft.
As the world accelerates toward a greener future, aluminum stands out as a material that's not only adaptable and resilient but also central to the technologies driving this change. Its versatility, combined with ongoing innovations in production and application, ensures that aluminum will continue to play a pivotal role in shaping a sustainable future-whether it's in the air, on the road, or beyond.
In 2024, aluminum continues to be one of the most critical materials in the global push toward sustainability. With its unique properties, this metal is integral not only to automotive and aerospace industries but also to construction, consumer goods, as well as future renewables, making it a cornerstone of modern technology and infrastructure.
Feeding enough aluminum to meet the demand of these diverse industries requires a substantial supply of this increasingly critical metal. In 2023, the apparent domestic consumption of aluminum in the U.S. was around 4 million metric tons. However, this figure doesn't fully capture the total aluminum brought into the country.
Aluminum smelting is a complex process that requires large-scale industrial operations like this smelter in Kazakhstan, where alumina is refined and electrolyzed in high-temperature cells to extract aluminum, a process demanding precision and significant energy input.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey's Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024, the U.S. imported approximately 4.8 million metric tons of crude and semi-manufactured aluminum. With the country being 44% reliant on these imports, this data suggests that actual consumption may be higher than reported, or that a portion of the imported aluminum is being stockpiled, exported, or otherwise allocated for future use.
Regardless of the actual number, the U.S. currently operates only five primary aluminum smelters, and from those, produced around 19% of the apparent consumption last year, approximately 750,000 metric tons.
Although not as reliant as some of the other critical minerals, this limited domestic production highlights another possible vulnerability in the supply chain. As global demand for aluminum continues to grow, this dependence poses risks not only to national security but also to the broader goal of reducing carbon emissions.
In the world of materials science and industrial production, a complex issue known as the "green paradox" has long been recognized.
The green paradox refers to the irony that materials essential for advancing green technologies often come with significant environmental and social costs in their production – negating at least some of their potential benefits.
This concept is a recurring theme not just for aluminum, but for numerous critical materials like lithium, cobalt, rare earth elements, copper, and nickel.
Things like EVs, solar panels, wind turbines, advanced batteries, and even the electrical grids that support renewable energy infrastructure all rely heavily on these critical minerals. Without them, the transition to a sustainable, low-carbon future simply wouldn't be possible.
Despite the undeniable benefits they offer, the extraction and processing of these materials often comes at a steep environmental cost. Aluminum and copper mining are energy-intensive and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, while lithium and cobalt extraction can lead to water depletion and are strongly tinged with ethical concerns.
Hence, a paradox: they are essential for a greener future, yet their production methods are often anything but green.
With a mix of cutting-edge technology and bold ambition, global mining company Rio Tinto is rewriting the rules of aluminum production, turning what was once an environmental risk into an opportunity for innovation by attacking aluminum production from two fronts – by revolutionizing the smelting process itself and the fuel that powers it.
Joining forces with industry leader Alcoa, Rio Tinto is addressing the challenge of carbon emissions from aluminum smelting using an innovative new technology.
Described as the most significant advancement in the aluminum industry in over a century, this technology, known as ELYSIS, replaces the traditional carbon anodes in the electrolytic cells of electric furnaces with proprietary inert anodes.
Instead of producing CO2 as a byproduct, these inert anodes release pure oxygen.
This climate-saving technology is expected to lower production costs by 15% and increase output by the same percentage. Additionally, it can be retrofitted to existing smelters or used to construct new facilities, making it versatile and scalable.
"ELYSIS is a truly disruptive technology for the industry, and it's thanks to Québec expertise that we are the first in the world to produce GHG-free aluminium," said Pierre Fitzgibbon, Québec Minister of Economy, Innovation and Energy. "This is a technological innovation with unprecedented benefits for our aluminium sector, which remains an undisputed world leader."
As proof of concept, the first deployment of this technology will be built adjacent to the existing Arvida smelter, allowing the use of the current aluminum supply and casting facilities.
Supported by the governments of Canada and Québec, as well as tech giant Apple, this innovative approach to aluminum manufacturing has already been successfully demonstrated at the ELYSIS Industrial Research and Development Center in Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean.
This joint venture between Rio Tinto and Alcoa will continue its research and development program to scale up the ELYSIS technology and has already completed the construction of larger prototype cells designed to be integrated at the end of an existing production line at Rio Tinto's Alma smelter.
While revolutionizing the smelting process itself with ELYSIS is a major step forward, Rio Tinto is also addressing the environmental impact of the fuels used in aluminum production.
In 2022, Rio Tinto, Steel Dynamics, and Nippon Steel Trading formed a strategic partnership with Aymium – a pioneer in renewable energy solutions – investing over $200 million in its innovative biocarbon technology.
This collaboration aimed to replace fossil fuel inputs in metals production with Aymium's carbon-negative products, reducing CO2 emissions and advancing their sustainability goals.
Partnering with Aymium, Rio Tinto has formed Évolys Québec Inc., a joint venture focused on producing this biocarbon
from sustainably sourced biomass using Aymium's proprietary technology. Its product line includes biocarbon for metallurgical purposes, bioenergy, agricultural, biohydrogen, and activated carbon.
Unlike traditional fuels, which contribute significantly to carbon emissions, Aymium's biocarbon not only reduces the carbon footprint of aluminum production but actually removes more carbon from the atmosphere than it emits.
The biocarbon can be used directly in existing smelting operations, making it a versatile and immediately impactful solution.
"Our mission is to accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels and reduce the impact on the environment," said Aymium CEO James Mennell at the time of the investment. "Aymium's products allow immediate replacement of fossil fuels with renewable, carbon negative inputs without any changes to existing manufacturing processes or equipment. This investment and partnership will further advance our mission of improving the environment with our new partners on a global scale."
This collaboration will see the development of a biocarbon production facility designed to support Rio Tinto's decarbonization efforts and further the global miner's commitment to sustainable aluminum production.
As it stands, aluminum production is responsible for an estimated 1.1 billion metric tons of carbon emissions each year. Even as one of the world's largest aluminum producers working to reduce that number, the demand for aluminum in new and emerging technologies continues to rise.
NioCorp Developments Ltd., a company focused on producing critical minerals for high-tech industries, is at the forefront of developing aluminum-scandium alloy – a material that could redefine performance in automotive and defense applications, as only a small dose of scandium is needed to bolster the strength and toughness of aluminum.
Operating the Elk Creek critical minerals project in Nebraska, NioCorp has access to one of the richest scandium deposits in the U.S., alongside niobium, titanium, and rare earth elements.
Recognizing the potential of scandium for high-performance applications in the early 2010s, NioCorp has steadily developed the infrastructure and technology needed to produce an alloy that joins together the lightweight, strength, and corrosion resistance of aluminum with the exceptional durability and heat resistance of scandium.
Building on this foundation, NioCorp has laid out a three-phase development strategy for the aluminum-scandium master alloy more concretely around 2022. This plan set the stage for pilot-scale production to begin shortly thereafter.
NioCorp plans to offer a U.S. supply of aluminum-scandium master alloy for the automotive sector.
Collaborating closely with its development partner, Nanoscale Powders LLC, NioCorp has been refining the production process, with an eye toward reaching full-scale commercial production.
By late 2024, the company's effort finally bore fruit as it successfully produced scandium metal at a pilot-scale facility in Pennsylvania. This milestone not only demonstrated the feasibility of the production process but also paved the way for the creation of kilogram-sized samples of aluminum-scandium master alloy – later sent to its "unnamed automaker partners" for testing.
"The progress being made in this phased commercialization effort is important given the rapidly growing interest in scandium alloys across both the commercial transportation sector and in the national defense community," said NioCorp Developments Executive Chairman and CEO Mark Smith. "This successful test demonstrates that we can make scandium metal at a high-enough purity level to proceed directly to the pilot-scale production of kilogram-sized samples of aluminum-scandium master alloy."
From that success, the company remains focused on scaling production, aiming to move from 10-kilogram (22-pound) ingots to 100 kg (220 lb) ingots, ultimately targeting full-scale commercial production.
NioCorp's advancements in aluminum-scandium alloys not only exemplify the cutting-edge innovation driving the aluminum industry forward but also underscore the critical role that such materials will play in shaping the future of transportation and defense.
As the global demand for aluminum continues to surge, these innovations, alongside those from industry leaders like Rio Tinto, highlight a pivotal shift toward a more sustainable and resilient aluminum industry-one that is essential to powering the technologies of tomorrow while addressing the environmental challenges of today.
Reader Comments(0)